![]() Wallace's analysis showed that the surface of Marswas almost certainly much colder than Lowell had estimated, thatthe atmospheric pressure was too low for liquid water to exist onthe surface, and he pointed out that several recent efforts to findevidence of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere with spectroscopic analysis had failed. In 1907 the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace publishedthe book Is Mars Habitable? that severely criticizedLowell's claims. sunspots or craters) they 'appear' to join up toform lines. Barnard did not see them.In 1903, Joseph Edward Evans and Edward Maunder conducted visualexperiments using schoolboy volunteers that demonstrated how thecanals could arise as an optical illusion, sincewhen a poor quality telescope views an object with many point-likefeatures (e.g. Other observers disputed the notion of canals.
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